the Art of Over Engineering Your Side Projects an Article From Liam Symonds
Microsyst Nanoeng. 2020; vi: 56.
Miura-origami-inspired electret/triboelectric ability generator for wearable energy harvesting with water-proof capability
Kai Tao
1Inquiry & Development Constitute in Shenzhen, School of Mechanical Applied science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 518057 Shenzhen, People'southward Republic of Communist china
Haiping Yi
oneResearch & Development Establish in Shenzhen, Schoolhouse of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical Academy, 518057 Shenzhen, People's Republic of Cathay
Yang Yang
1Research & Evolution Plant in Shenzhen, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical Academy, 518057 Shenzhen, People'south Commonwealth of Red china
Lihua Tang
twoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Academy of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
Zhaoshu Yang
2Department of Mechanical Technology, Academy of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
Jin Wu
3State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, the Guangdong Province Cardinal Laboratory of Brandish Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen Academy, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Commonwealth of China
Honglong Chang
1Research & Development Found in Shenzhen, Schoolhouse of Mechanical Applied science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 518057 Shenzhen, People's Democracy of China
Weizheng Yuan
iResearch & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Schoolhouse of Mechanical Applied science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 518057 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
Received 2019 December 31; Revised 2020 Mar 1; Accepted 2020 Mar 20.
- Supplementary Materials
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Abstract
One of the critical bug for electret/triboelectric devices is the poor charge viability and stability in humid environments. Herein, we propose a new origami-inspired "W-tube"-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (Due west-TENG) with two thin-film electrets folded based on Miura-origami. The Miura-origami fold is capable of transforming apartment materials with large surface areas into reduced and compressed complex 3D structures with parallelogram tessellations. The triboelectric power generation components can thus be hermetically sealed inside the "W-tube" to avoid contact with the external boiling environment. Furthermore, the rubberband nature of the Miura-origami fold endows the proposed W-TENG device with first-class deformability, flexibility, and stretchability. Therefore, it is capable of harvesting kinetic free energy from diverse directions and forms of motion, including horizontal pressing, vertical borer, and lateral bending. The meaty, light weight, and cocky-rebounding backdrop of the origami structure as well go far user-friendly for integration into wear devices. Various parameters of the W-TENG are intensively investigated, including the number of ability generation units, original height of the device, dispatch magnitude, excitation direction, and h2o-proof capability. Triggered past manus tapping impulse excitation in the horizontal and vertical directions, the instantaneous open-excursion voltages can reach 791 V and 116 V with remarkable optimum powers of 691 μW at 50 MΩ and 220 μW at 35 MΩ, respectively. The outcomes of this piece of work demonstrate the fusion of the ancient art of origami, fabric scientific discipline, and energy conversion techniques to realize flexible, multifunctional, and water-proof TENG devices.
Subject terms: Electric and electronic engineering, Electronic devices
Introduction
Recent advances in the cyberspace of things (IoT) and flexible electronics have given rise to the rapid expansion of flexible sensing devices, ringlet-up displays, soft robots, and bioinspired artificial skinsi–iv. Meanwhile, these depression-power electronic devices pose a challenge to cheap, flexible, portable, and sustainable free energy resources5–8. Fundamentally, these power sources should be compact, calorie-free weight, shape adaptive with good wearing comfort, comparably stretchable, and flexible. In addition, the devices should have robust mechanical durability to sustain cyclic pressing, bending, stretching, and folding processes without deterioration of their performance in practical applications.
Free energy harvesting refers to capturing and transforming environmental wasted energy into electric energy as a secondary power source for IoT devices and flexible electronics9–12. In that location are mainly 5 energy source candidates for energy harvesting in the environment, low-cal energy, mechanical vibrations, thermal gradients, radio frequency (RF) waves, and acoustic energy. Mechanical vibrations derived from motorcar and structure vibrations, human being motion, and air/water flows ubiquitously be in ambient environments13–15. Generally, mechanical vibration free energy can be converted to electrical free energy through piezoelectricxvi–twenty, electromagnetic21–24, electrostatic25–30, magnetostrictive31,32, and triboelectric mechanisms33–37. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on the coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction have been proven to be an efficient technology for converting mechanical energy to electricity. TENGs have unique features in terms of loftier-energy conversion efficiency, diverse material choice, price effectiveness, elementary blueprint, and ease of fabrication38–40. Therefore, TENGs have tremendous potential to encounter the energy supply demand arising from the rapid growth of article of clothing and flexible electronics.
Origami, an aboriginal fine art of paper folding with a history spanning over m years, is capable of devising ingenious patterns relying merely on paper itself. Structures inspired past origami possess many advantages in terms of light weight, great flexibility, first-class shape adaptability, and extreme simplicity. Therefore, attempts to adopt origami art in the pattern of TENGs appear to be promising for wear and flexible electronic applications. Peng Bai et al.41 proposed a Kapton-movie-based origami TENG with a zigzag construction. 5 energy generation units were bonded onto a single flexible substrate with an ultralight weight of 7 g. Hengyu Guo et al.42 proposed an ultralight-weight cutting-newspaper-based rhombic-shaped TENG. The TENG power generation unit and a supercapacitor energy storage unit of measurement can exist integrated together. Yang et al.43 developed a blazon of slinky and doodlebug-shaped TENG that operates in a unmarried-electrode contact manner. Kai Tao et al.44 farther developed an electret-based origami TENG on a liquid crystal polymer substrate with a double-helix spring structure. The versatile origami design makes the device applicable in both wearable device and wave energy-harvesting scenarios. Feng et al.45 proposed an arc-shaped paper-based TENG with mucilage wrappers and conductive Al layers for self-powered anticorrosion and antifouling applications. However, none of the previous studies attempted to exploit origami TENGs with water-proof capabilities in multiple operation modes.
This paper proposes a new type of "W-tube"-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (W-TENG) with two pieces of sparse-moving picture electrets folded based on Miura-origami. Past employing Miura-origami, the proposed W-TENG exhibits several advantages:
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A self-sustained bound structure is readily obtained past Miura-origami. The W-TENG is able to bounciness back to its original state without auxiliary supporting structures, making the whole structure compact, lite weight, flexible, and deformable46,47. The facile fabrication procedure involves easy low-toll commercial production.
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To amend the charge viability and stability in boiling environments, the power generation components of the W-TENG device, including the thin-pic electrets and copper contact electrodes, are hermetically sealed inside the "Due west-tube", fugitive corrosion and deterioration arising from external environments.
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The three-dimensional (3D) "W-tube" TENG is formed past face-to-face assembly of ii pieces of 2nd Miura-origami-shaped strips. The zigzag deployment makes the proposed W-TENG capable of harvesting kinetic free energy from various directions and forms of motion, including horizontal pressing, vertical tapping, and lateral bending.
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A high-functioning TENG tin can be readily obtained by using the stacked multilayer Miura-origami fold structure. The corona discharge procedure is further employed to preimplant charge into the electrets to maximize the charge trap density. Both the electrostatic consecration and the contact electrification are significantly amplified by the increased electrode areas and preimplant charges.
With Miura-origami folding, a W-TENG with a size of fourteen.five × 5.viii × three cmthree is fabricated and constructed with eight power generation units connected in parallel. Triggered past gentle paw tapping in the horizontal and vertical directions, instantaneous open up-circuit voltages of 791 V and 116 V with remarkable output powers of 691 μW and 220 μW are obtained, respectively. The flexible and low-cal-weight W-TENG is suitable for flexible electronics and biomechanical energy-harvesting applications. Furthermore, the water-proof property of the Westward-TENG device further broadens its awarding scenarios in humid environments.
Experimental methods
Miura-origami folding, invented by Japanese astrophysicist Koryo Miura, is a rigid form of the flat-origami-folding technique that allows one to transform flat materials with a large surface area into reduced and compressed circuitous 3D structures through a tessellated pucker design fabricated of repeating parallelograms. Each parallelogram unit remains flat and rigid throughout the origami process when the continuous folding is carried out one-fold after another. Remarkable mechanical and material properties can be obtained, with greater compressibility, rigidity, stiffness, and contractile ability, known as a negative Poisson's ratio. Herein, a type of West-TENG based on Miura-origami folding is fabricated and characterized for multifunctional energy harvesting with water-proof capability, as shown in the following sections.
Figure 1a shows the pucker patterns of the Miura-origami fold, with an array of parallelograms used to form a tessellation of the surface. Each parallelogram translates to its neighboring unit of measurement by mirror reflection along the horizontal crease lines, forming zigzag crease paths in the vertical management. The solid and dashed lines denote mountain and valley folds, respectively. The mountain folds and valley folds alternating from 1 zigzag path to the adjacent. Therefore, the planar canvass can be packed into a compact shape by pressing the 2 ends together and also unpacked by pulling on its opposite ends.
Configuration and formation of proposed Miura-origami-inspired West-TENG device.
a A crease pattern of a Miura-origami tessellation with an array of parallelograms; b thin-film FEP electrets are fastened to every other zigzag path of the Miura-patterned FPCB; c a corona discharge setup is used to preimplant charges into the thin-moving picture FEP electrets; d simultaneous and homogenous zigzag folding process in orthogonal directions; e assembly process of the proposed "W-tube"-shaped TENG structure with ii pieces of Miura-origami sheets; f–h 3 performance modes of the proposed W-TENG device in three axial directions, including horizontal pressing, vertical tapping, and lateral bending motions; i photograph of the fabricated West-TENG image with eight power generation units connected in parallel; j optical photographs of the fabricated Westward-TENG paradigm in stretched, compressed, and aptitude states; k SEM images of FEP electrets with nanostructured pillars fabricated by an ion beam carving (IBM) process
Figure 1b shows that the thin-motion-picture show fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) electrets are attached to every other zigzag path. The covered and uncovered areas denoted by yellowish and light-green colors correspond the contact triboelectric materials and electrodes of the Westward-TENG device, respectively. Figure 1c shows the corona discharge procedure with a triode-needle-grid setup. A high-potential gradient can ionize the air around the tip of the needle. The ionized particles are then driven into the below thin-pic FEP electrets by the electrical field betwixt the grid and substrate. The charges implanted in the thin-motion-picture show electrets maintain a quasi-permanent bias voltage, which can grade a permanent electrical field effectually the device for years.
Figure 1d shows the simultaneous and homogenous zigzag folding procedure in the orthogonal direction. The folding property is determined past the design parameters of each parallelogram, i.e., the two side lengths and the intersection angle. Effigy 1e shows the assembly process of the W-TENG structure by mirror-image sticking of two pieces of Miura-origami sheets together. The edges of the canvass are coated with standard paper adhesive. The hermitically sealed "Westward-tube" structure is therefore constructed past the aligned assemblage with the adjacent facets of ii Miura-origami sheets adhered together.
Figures 1f–h demonstrate the 3 functioning modes of the proposed W-TENG device in three axial directions, including horizontal pressing, vertical tapping, and lateral bending motions. The zigzag deployment of the Miura-origami fold ensures that the contact material of each parallelogram is different from that of the parallelogram side by side to information technology. Therefore, triboelectrification can occur when whatever 2 electrodes go in contact with each other. In add-on, the inherent nature of the Miura-origami fold endows the proposed W-TENG device with excellent flexibility and stretchability. Information technology is capable of bouncing back to its original state based on the restoring force of the origami leap itself, without relying on other supporting structures. These unique features make information technology very applicable to flexible electronics and biomechanical energy-harvesting applications.
Effigy 1i shows the fabricated W-TENG prototype. The Miura-origami sheets are created from double-side copper-coated xiv.18 yard/cm2 flexible printed circuit lath (FPCB) with an assortment of parallelogram units with a length of thirty mm, a width of 25 mm and an intersection angle of 60°. A "Westward-tube"-shaped TENG construction with a size of 14.v × 5.viii × 3 cm3 was fabricated and constructed with viii power generation units continued in parallel. Figure 1j shows the stretched, compressed and aptitude states of the fabricated West-TENG image. The proposed W-TENG prototype tin can exist packed into a stacked apartment and compact disk with thickness reflecting only the thickness of the folded W-TENG fabric. The big tensile and compressive deformation properties demonstrate that the W-TENG prototype has good ductility, stretchability and deformability. Figure 1k shows SEM images of thin-film FEP electrets with nanostructured pillars fabricated by an ion beam carving (IBM) process, which are beneficial for contact electrification.
Effigy ii shows the working principle of a single power generation unit in the horizontal axial and vertical lateral directions. Figure 2a shows the capacitance variation versus the length of the Due west-TENG in the horizontal centric direction. Both ends of the W-TENG are stuck together past paw. The capacitance variation is monitored in real fourth dimension by an impedance analyzer (Applent AT811). Past connecting eight power generation units in parallel, it is seen that the capacitance changes from 15 to 675 pF when the length of the Westward-TENG varies from 125 to three mm. In other words, the capacitance can be increased by 44 times equally the length of the Due west-TENG is decreased past 97.6%, demonstrating a very large capacitance alter and first-class compression capability of the W-TENG device. The capacitance dramatically increases when the length is below 20 mm. This is because the capacitance alter is 10 times higher when the length of the W-TENG changes from 20 to 3 mm than that when information technology varies from 120 to 20 mm. The output power of an electret/triboelectric device is quadratically proportional to the ratio of the capacitance change. Therefore, a large output power tin exist readily achieved with such great capacitance variations.
Working principle of the power generation unit of measurement in the horizontal axial and vertical lateral directions.
a Capacitance variation versus length of the W-TENG; b, c contour snapshots of the electric field distribution in stretched and compressed states in the horizontal axial direction; d capacitance variation versus superlative of the Westward-TENG; e, f contour snapshots of the electric field distribution in stretched and compressed states in the vertical lateral direction
Contours of the potential gradient and electric field distribution for different deformations of the W-TENG device tin can be estimated by COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. Supplementary material Video S1 shows the dynamic contours for different deformations obtained by COMSOL. Figure 2b, c bear witness contour snapshots of the electric field distribution in the stretched and compressed states, respectively. The intensity of the electric field dramatically increases when the two electrodes get closer. Correspondingly, Fig. 2d–f demonstrate the capacitance and electric field profile variations versus the displacement of the W-TENG in the vertical lateral management. The height of the West-TENG decreases from 35 to 3 mm, corresponding to a deportation modify percentage of 91.4%. The capacitance increases from 13 to 280 pF, corresponding to a capacitance change ratio of 20.5 times. In the vertical lateral mode, the electret material contacts the other neighboring electrode, different from that in the horizontal axial way.
Results and discussions
The fabricated Westward-TENG paradigm is characterized under sinusoidal and impulse excitations in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The measurement setup consists of mainly an electrodynamic shaker, a function generator, a voltage amplifier, an accelerometer and a data acquisition organisation. The West-TENG image is stock-still betwixt ii parallel plates with the top plate fixed and the bottom plate excited by the shaker. The motion of the bottom plate is monitored by the accelerometer in real fourth dimension. The output data are nerveless by a information acquisition system (DAQ NI USB-6289 M serial), which is connected and controlled past a laptop. In the electric current study, diverse parameters have been intensively investigated and optimized, including the number of ability generation units, original height of the West-TENG device, external excitation acceleration, excitation direction, wearable conditions, and water-proof adequacy nether moisture environments.
Output performance with different original heights
Figure three shows the output operation of the W-TENG with different original heights under the horizontal axial pressing mode with 8 power generation units electronically connected in parallel. The fabricated Westward-TENG is sandwiched betwixt ii parallel plates. One finish is fixed to the shaker, while the other end is bonded to a positioning stage whose summit tin can be precisely controlled. The sinusoidal excitation experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3a. The excitation acceleration is ready to 19.6 one thousand/sii. Figure 3b, c bear witness the time-domain output voltages for different original heights ranging from 20 to 65 mm under a load condition of 25 MΩ. The output performance is determined by the spacing variation and contact condition of the unlike power generation units. The functioning is highly dependent on the device original height and external excitation displacement. The maximum output performance is normally obtained when the capacitance variation reaches the maximum value at the closest positions of the electrodes. The material height of the eight power generation units is ~10 mm. The maximum displacement of our shaker is upwardly to x mm. Therefore, 20 mm is the minimum height that can be achieved. Otherwise, the paradigm cannot be compressed or is vulnerable to damage due to the increased stiffness with the small thickness of the W-TENG device. The optimum performance is achieved with an original height of ~35 mm. Figure 3d shows a close-up view of the output voltage waveform, which is not the standard sinusoid. This is due to the uneven altitude variations and contact conditions among dissimilar power generation layers. Figure 3e shows the output voltages and currents for different load resistances in the range of 3–105 MΩ. An output voltage of 188 V is obtained at a load resistance of 105 MΩ, which is approximately equal to the open up-circuit voltage condition. An output current of 6.25 μA is obtained at a load resistance of vi MΩ. Figure 3f shows that the maximum output ability of 537 μW is obtained at the optimum load resistance of thirty MΩ.
Output performance of the W-TENG with original peak ranging from 20 to 65 mm under the horizontal axial pressing mode with eight power generation units electrically continued in parallel.
a Sinusoidal excitation experimental setup with the W-TENG device sandwiched between two parallel plates; b, c output voltages for different original heights of the West-TENG; d close-up view of the output voltage waveform when the original peak is set to 35mm; e output voltage and current with varying load resistance at the original height of 35mm; f output power with varying load resistance at the original height of 35mm
Output performance with dissimilar numbers of ability generation units
Figure 4a shows the time-domain output voltages of the W-TENG with a power generation unit number in the range of 2–viii and an original acme of 25 mm at an acceleration of nineteen.6 thou/southward2 under the horizontal axial pressing mode. Figure 4b, c bear witness output powers at unlike load resistances of 3–105 MΩ with power generation unit number in the range of 2–five and six–8 units, respectively. Information technology tin be conspicuously seen that the overall output power of the W-TENG has a significantly positive correlation with the number of power generation units employed. With an increase in the number of power generation units from 2 to 8, the output power is tremendously enhanced from 147 to 716 μW. In dissimilarity, Fig. 4d shows that the open-circuit voltage of the TENG demonstrates a clearly negative correlation with the number of power generation units. This is mainly because the power generation contribution with increasing unit number is largely reflected in the increase in the output current. This tin be farther verified past Fig. 4e, which shows that the optimum load resistance has a downwards trend with increasing number of power generation units. Fundamentally, the maximum output ability tin only be reached when the external load equals the internal impedance of the generator48. In general, the internal capacitance increases with increasing number of power generation units. Therefore, a lower optimum load resistance is obtained with increasing number of ability generation units according to the impedance expression R ∝ 1/jωC 49. Figure 4f shows the output voltages and currents for dissimilar load resistances ranging from 100 kΩ to 110 MΩ. The maximum voltage of 305 5 and electric current of 8.6 μA are obtained with load resistances of 110 MΩ and 100 kΩ, respectively.
Output performance of the W-TENG versus number of power generation units in the range of 2–viii at an acceleration of 19.6 m/due south2.
a Fourth dimension-domain output voltages with unlike numbers of power generation units of the W-TENG nether 50 MΩ; b, c output powers with different numbers of power generation units versus load resistance optimization in the range of 3–105 MΩ; d open-circuit voltage versus number of ability generation units; due east optimum load resistance versus number of ability generation units; f output voltage and electric current variations with load resistance ranging from 100 kΩ to 110 MΩ for eight power generation units
Output performance with different excitation accelerations
Figure v shows the output performances of the W-TENG for different excitation accelerations with an original height of 35 mm and viii units electrically connected in parallel nether the horizontal axial pressing fashion. Figure 5a, b show the output voltage waveform and aamplitude variations of the W-TENG with excitation dispatch ranging from 9.8 to 98 m/southwardtwo at a load resistance of xxx MΩ. The output voltage increases from 48 to 262 V when the acceleration changes from 9.8 to 98 m/s2. It tin can be seen that the output voltage is quasi-linearly positively correlated with the excitation acceleration, with a slope of 1.5 V/(1000/due southtwo). This indicates that the Due west-TENG has the potential to be developed as a self-powered force/acceleration sensor. Effigy 5c shows the output powers for different excitation accelerations ranging from ix.8 to 58.8 m/sii with varying load resistances ranging from three to 110 MΩ. The maximum output power of 670 μW is achieved at the optimum load resistance of 25 MΩ and an acceleration of 58.viii m/south2. The optimum load resistance decreases with increasing acceleration. This shows a similar phenomenon to the trend with the number of power generation units in the previous discussion. Figure 5d, e show shut-up views of the open-circuit voltage waveforms under accelerations of nine.8 m/s2 and 98 k/s2, respectively. The waveform of the open up-circuit voltage suffers from serious deformations at the higher excitation acceleration of 98 m/s2. This is due to the unstable capacitance variation of the origami structure when it is squeezed into a very depression height. Information technology cannot bounce back to its original height as fast every bit in depression-dispatch conditions. Figure 5f shows the output voltage and current variations with load resistance ranging from three to 110 MΩ at an acceleration of 58.8 m/due south2. The maximum output voltage of 205 V and current of half-dozen.vii μA are obtained with load resistances of 110 MΩ and 100 kΩ, respectively.
Output operation label of the W-TENG versus unlike excitation accelerations.
a Voltage waveforms with different excitation accelerations ranging from 9.8 to 98 m/due south2 under a load resistance of 30 MΩ; b voltage amplitude variation with acceleration under a load resistance of xxx MΩ; c output power for different excitation accelerations ranging from ix.8 to 98m/due southtwo versus load resistance ranging from 3 to 105 MΩ; d enlarged view of open-circuit voltage waveforms at an acceleration of 9.8m/sii; e enlarged view of open-excursion voltage waveforms at an acceleration of 98m/s2; f output voltage and current variations with load resistance ranging from 3 to 105 MΩ at an dispatch of 58.8m/s2
Output performance for different direction excitations
Figure vi shows the output functioning characterizations of the W-TENG for excitations in the horizontal centric and vertical lateral directions with original heights of 35 mm and xxx mm, respectively. Figure 6a shows the open-circuit voltage waveforms for the ii different directions at an acceleration of half dozen k/sii. The output voltage for the horizontal axial direction is much larger than that for the vertical lateral management. Figure 6b shows the output voltage amplitude variations for the two directions with excitation acceleration ranging from two to 28 m/due south2. With increasing dispatch, the growth rate of the output voltage decreases, exhibiting a nonlinear and jump hardening relationship. This is mainly due to the increase in the leap stiffness under high-deformation conditions of the Miura-origami construction. Figure 6c, f show the output voltage and ability optimizations for impulse excitation by hand borer in the horizontal centric and vertical lateral directions at unlike load resistances ranging from iii to 105 MΩ. The instantaneous open up-circuit voltages for the horizontal and vertical directions can attain 791 V and 116 Five with optimum powers of 691 μW at 50 MΩ and 220 μW at 35 MΩ, respectively. Figure 6d, east show the output functioning stability and an enlarged view of the voltage waveforms of the W-TENG during continuous operation for ~37,800 cycles. Slight deterioration of the operation is observed subsequently long-term functioning, indicating the stable performance of the fabricated W-TENG device.
Output performance characterizations of the W-TENG for sinusoidal excitations in the horizontal centric and vertical lateral directions.
a Open-circuit voltage waveforms for the 2 different directions at 6m/due south2; b output voltage aamplitude variations for the 2 directions with excitation acceleration; c output voltage and ability optimizations for the horizontal axial direction with different load resistances ranging from 3 to 105 MΩ; d output performance stability of the West-TENG during continuous functioning over ~37,800 cycles; due east enlarged view of output voltage waveforms; f output voltage and power optimizations with unlike load resistances ranging from 3 to 105 MΩ for the vertical lateral management
Output label for impulse excitation past human motions
Effigy 7 shows the output functioning characterization of the West-TENG under impulse excitation by human motions. Figure 7a shows comparisons of the output voltage waveforms for dissimilar deformation forms, such as horizontal pressing, vertical tapping, and lateral bending. The Miura-origami natural property makes the versatile W-TENG extremely flexible under multidirectional excitations. Figure 7b shows enlarged open-circuit voltage waveforms for the vertical borer move. The filled orange parts denote the free energy collected during the pressing and releasing process. It can be clearly observed that the meridian of the output operation is much larger than that obtained by shaker tapping. This is because the impact strength and speed of impulse excitation by hand borer is much larger than those by shaker tapping, leading to a larger displacement and faster movement of the origami device. Furthermore, the manus pressing and recovery times of the origami device are ~0.04 s and 0.ane due south, respectively. The device height is ~120 mm. The recovery speed is estimated to be approximately 1.ii g/s. Basically, the overall energy generated in the pressing and releasing motions are comparatively the same. Therefore, the voltage aamplitude generated in the pressing stage is evidently larger than that in the releasing stage. Figure 7c shows snapshots of a power generation demonstration in which light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are lit up by horizontal pressing and vertical tapping. Effigy 7d, e testify the output voltage of the Westward-TENG and an enlarged view for different operating frequencies in the horizontal direction, respectively. The flexible and deformable W-TENG can be easily integrated into shoes. Figure 7f shows an output functioning demonstration in which the West-TENG is installed in shoes during walking and jogging motions.
Impulse excitation label of the West-TENG with eight power generation units connected in parallel for human motion.
a Comparisons of the output voltage waveforms for unlike deformation forms, such as horizontal pressing, vertical tapping and lateral bending; b Enlarged view of the open up-excursion voltage waveforms for the vertical borer motility; c snapshots of a power generation sit-in in which LEDs are lit upwards by horizontal pressing and vertical borer; d output voltage waveforms for unlike hand pressing frequencies in the horizontal axial direction; e enlarged view of output voltage waveforms; f output functioning demonstration in which the West-TENG is installed in shoes during walking and jogging
Water-proof adequacy characterization
Figure eight shows the water-proof capability characterization of the proposed West-TENG for impulse excitation by hand borer. Effigy 8a shows the performance of the made W-TENG in the room environment and afterwards a soaking treatment in water for a menstruum of time. The performance of the W-TENG device remains stable after long-term soaking treatment. Figure 8b shows a comparison of the output performances of the fabricated W-TENG device with hermetically covered FEP electrets and with FEP electrets exposed to a wet environment. Supplementary textile Video S2 shows a power demonstration of the made Westward-TENG lighting up LEDs after immersion treatment in water. Figure 8c shows the experimental environs of a airtight bedchamber with a humidity of upwards to 95%, which is created past an air humidifier. It can be clearly observed that the functioning of the proposed Due west-TENG still remains stable even in the highly boiling environment, while the performance of the TENG without protection abruptly drops. This further verifies the superiority of the water-proof capability of the newly proposed W-TENG device. Supplementary material Video S3 shows the operation of the fabricated W-TENG in the closed sleeping room with a highly boiling surround. Effigy 8d shows snapshots of lighting upward LEDs past paw pressing the W-TENG device in the humid environment. Figure 8e shows the experimental setup of immersing the fabricated W-TENG prototype in a h2o tank.
Water-proof characterization of the fabricated Due west-TENG device in moisture environments.
a Ability generation performance of the Westward-TENG afterwards immersion handling in h2o; b output performance comparison of 2 types of TENG devices: the proposed West-TENG with hermetically covered FEP electrets and the W-TENG with FEP electrets exposed to the outside; c experimental boiling environment realized by a humidifier in closed chamber atmospheric condition; d snapshot sit-in of pressing the Due west-TENG to light up LEDs in the humid sleeping room; e experimental setup of immersing the fabricated Due west-TENG prototype in a water tank
Conclusions
In summary, a Miura-origami-inspired electret/triboelectric power generator was conceptualized, fabricated and characterized for habiliment energy harvesting with water-proof adequacy. Miura-origami folding, an ancient Japanese art of newspaper folding, has been successfully combined with the triboelectric energy conversion mechanism to create a new blazon of W-TENG device with excellent deformability, flexibility and stretchability. The thin-film FEP electrets have been hermetically sealed inside the Miura-origami-based "West-tube" structure, which is capable of separating them from the unfavorable environs outside. The corona belch process has been employed to maximize the charge storage in the sparse-film electrets and enhance the power generation. The performance of the proposed W-TENG device with different parameters has been intensively investigated. It has been found that with increasing number of energy generation units and conscientious control of the original superlative of the device, the performance can exist largely enhanced. The power generation capabilities for different directions and forms of movement take been studied, including horizontal pressing, vertical tapping and lateral angle. The instantaneous open-excursion voltages for the horizontal and vertical directions can reach 791 V and 116 V with optimum powers of 691 μW at 50 MΩ and 220 μW at 35 MΩ, respectively. The charge stability has been farther characterized in highly boiling and closed environments, as well as after immersion treatment in a water tank. The experimental results demonstrate that adept operation and stability take been obtained by the proposed W-TENG construction. The outcomes of this piece of work represent the versatility and viability of the fusion of the art of origami and TENG techniques for broad application scenarios.
Supplementary information
Acknowledgements
This inquiry is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (No. 51705429 & No. 61801525), Science, Technology, and Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality JCYJ20170815161054349, Central Inquiry Funds for the Fundamental Universities No. 31020190503003, National Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province No. 2018JQ5030, Laboratory Fund of Science and Applied science on Micro-arrangement Laboratory No. 614280401010417, 111 Project No. B13044, and a Guangdong Natural Science Funds Grant (2018A030313400).
Author contributions
K.T., J.W., H.C. and W.Y.: conceptualization, supervision, funding conquering, and writing-original draft; H.Y. and Z.Y.: experiment, device fabrication, and label; Y.Y. and L.T.: formal analysis, information curation, writing-review and editing. All authors provided input into the paper.
Conflict of involvement
The authors declare that they have no disharmonize of involvement.
Contributor Information
Kai Tao, E-mail: nc.ude.upwn@iakoat.
Jin Wu, Email: nc.ude.usys.liam@8nijuw.
Weizheng Yuan, Email: nc.ude.upwn@zwnauy.
Supplementary data
Supplementary data accompanies this paper at ten.1038/s41378-020-0163-one.
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